The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. The high, arid plateau stretches more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) between the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana about 400 km south of Lima. Although some local geoglyphs resemble Paracas motifs, scholars believe the Nazca Lines were created by the Nazca culture between 400 and 650 AD. The hundreds of individual figures range in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks, orcas, and lizards.
Due to aviation in XX century were discovered accidentally deposited on the surface of the earth mysterious drawings enormous. The best-known today are drawings in the Nazca desert. The mystery of the drawings is misunderstanding the purpose, in the dark of the people who created them, as well as the method of application to the surface. These figures can only be seen from a plane or a high altitude.
The lines are shallow designs made in the ground by removing the reddish pebbles and uncovering the whitish/grayish ground beneath. Hundreds are simple lines or geometric shapes; more than seventy are zoomorphic designs of animals such as birds, fish, llamas, jaguar, monkey, or human figures. Other designs include phytomorphic shapes such as trees and flowers. The largest figures are over 200 metres (660 ft) across. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs, but in general they ascribe religious significance to them. Other theories have been summarized as follows:
“The geometric ones could indicate the flow of water or be connected to rituals to summon water. The spiders, birds, and plants could be fertility symbols. Other possible explanations include: irrigation schemes or giant astronomical calendars.”
Sandy plain of Nazca is 60 km long, 400 km south of the Peruvian capital of Lima. In these places, the land for years without seeing moisture. Rare drops of rain falling on a hot rocky surface, immediately evaporate. This lifeless space is ideal for devices graves here, ensuring immortality. Tombs were held in dry rock formations over which the above figures were applied to form the vertical energy flow (outer link). Here on the site occupied by figures, scientists and amateur archaeologists have discovered more than 200 thousand ceramic vessels. It is possible that a hollow vessel, buried here at the surface, was amplified energy flow and double that of the vessel, which was laid in the tomb of the deceased, and served as the “seat of the soul.” Ceramic vessels had different patterns and stylized pictorial image, and on one of the vessels was even Asiatic black penguin. Large areas of ancient mummified tombs in the pyramids, hills and other structures, many, but with picturesque images found until three. This – Nazca, west of the lake. Titicaca and at the source p. Apurimac. Last areas are less clear, as they are in mountainous areas, which were the major religious centers of antiquity. Their study can provide new and interesting finds.
Official science believes that these symbols appear one of the Native American cultures to the Inca period, “Nazca” that existed in the south of Peru, 1100 – 1700 years ago. Here on the plateau there is a network of shallow water flooding of underground tunnels (irrigation system), and a network of deep moves, which are under the pictures to the tombs. It is known that in ancient times, on all continents for tombs arranged vertical energy flows in the form of pyramids, ziggurats, mounds, chapels, mazes, etc. Sometimes used energy flows churches, burying people in them or near them, natural (natural) energy flows over the tops of the mountains, setting up the tomb under their tops. Since ancient times, the vertical energy flows through the labyrinth created drawings with rollers, using active natural energy of the radiation zone. Such drawings were consecrated as temples. Inconspicuous labyrinth patterns virtually destroyed by earthquakes and invaders. Notch with rollers have an increased flow of energy from the surface compared to a smooth surface.
Contrary to the popular belief that the lines and figures can only be seen with the aid of flight, they are visible from atop the surrounding foothills. They were first discovered by the Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Mejia Xesspe, who spotted them when hiking through the foothills in 1927. He discussed them at a conference in Lima in 1939.
Paul Kosok, a historian from Long Island University, is credited as the first scholar to seriously study the Nazca Lines. In the country in 1940-41 to study ancient irrigation systems, he flew over the lines and realized that one was in the shape of a bird. Another chance helped him see how lines converged at the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. He began to study how the lines might have been created, as well as to try to determine their purpose. He was joined by Maria Reiche, a German mathematician and archaeologist to help figure out the purpose of the Nazca Lines. They proposed one of the earliest reasons for the existence of the figures: to be markers on the horizon to show where the sun and other celestial bodies rose. Archaeologists, historians and mathematicians have all struggled with determining the purpose of the lines.
Determining how they were made has been easier than figuring why they were made. Scholars have theorized the Nazca people could have used simple tools and surveying equipment to construct the lines. Archaeological surveys have found wooden stakes in the ground at the end of some lines, which support this theory. One such stake was carbon-dated and was the basis for establishing the age of the design complex. The scholar Joe Nickell of the University of Kentucky has reproduced the figures by using tools and technology available to the Nazca people. The National Geographic called his work “remarkable in its exactness” when compared to the actual lines. th careful planning and simple technologies, a small team of people could recreate even the largest figures within days, without any aerial assistance.
On the ground, most of the lines are formed by a shallow trench with a depth of between 10 cm (3.9 in) and 15 cm (5.9 in). Such trenches were made by removing the reddish-brown iron oxide-coated pebbles that cover the surface of the Nazca desert. When this gravel is removed the light-colored clay earth which is exposed in the bottom of the trench produces lines which contrast sharply in color and tone with the surrounding land surface. This sublayer contains high amounts of lime which, with the morning mist, hardens to form a protective layer that shields the lines from winds, thereby preventing erosion.
The Nazca “drew” several hundred simple but huge curvilinear animal and human figures by this technique. In total, the earthwork project is huge and complex: the area encompassing the lines is nearly 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi), and the largest figures can span nearly 270 metres (890 ft). Some of the measurements for the figures include that the Hummingbird is 93 meters (310 ft) long, the Condor is 134 meters (440 ft), the Monkey is 93 meters (310 ft) by 58 meters (190 ft), and the Spider is 47 meters (150 ft). The extremely dry, windless, and constant climate of the Nazca region has preserved the lines well. The Nazca desert is one of the driest on Earth and maintains a temperature around 25 °C (77 °F) all year round. The lack of wind has helped keep the lines uncovered and visible to the present day.
The discovery of two new small figures was announced in early 2011 by a Japanese team from Yamagata University. One of these resembles a human head and is dated to the early period of Nazca culture or earlier and the other, undated, an animal. In March 2012 the university announced that a new research center would be opened at the site in September 2012 to study the area for the next 15 years.The team has been doing field work there since 2006 when it found about 100 new geoglyphs
Energy flow (air, fluid) the drawings, a maze, going from the ground, can be seen in hot weather as a mirage. This flow of energy moving up and on the ground in certain areas, regardless of the wind direction. These near-surface energy flows have strong energetic. Of these energy flows modern professionals know, but the ancient priests not only knew, but also used them in order to create the cult of surface and underground facilities, including the tomb. Surface layers of the energy flows priests could artificially concentrate, reject them in the right direction, including through the grooves, ridges. The larger the size of the picture and the total length of more grooves, the more the ground is going to near-surface energy, which is sent to the site of the formation of the vertical energy flow. This was facilitated by curved lines zigzag pattern. It can be assumed that the more important person was in the tomb, the larger must be the picture and the total length of the lines.